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Alabama Symbols, Tree: Southern Longleaf Pine
Southern Longleaf Pine
(Pinus palustris P. Mill.)
Adopted in 1949; 1997.
The official state tree of Alabama is the Southern Longleaf Pine (Pinaceae Pinus palustris Miller). Longleaf pine is distributed primarily in the lower two thirds of the state. It may be distinguished by the needles which occur in bundles of threes and are about 12 inches long. The cones are about seven inches long. Longleaf pine is peculiar among all trees in that it develops very little above ground during the first one to five years of its life. During this time the top is a dense bunch of green needles and is often mistaken for grass. This tree is found on a variety of sites but grows best on well-drained sandy soils. Longleaf pine can grow to a height of about 150 feet and a diameter of nearly four feet.
The Southern Longleaf Pine was specified as the state tree of Alabama by the legislature in 1997. (Act no. 548)
The very long needles and cones and the needles in bundles of 3 are characteristic of this species. The buds of non-growing season individuals are a distinctive white.
Long-leaf Pine might be confused with three other species in its native range; Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda), Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii), and Pond Pine (Pinus serotina). Usually the needles and cones are longer than in any of these three species. The needles of Slash Pine are usually in bundles of 2, although bundles of 3 also exist. The cones of Loblolly Pine are only 2 to 6 inches long (not the 6 to 10 inches of Long-leaf Pine and the cone is rounder and less elongate. The cones of Pond Pine are only 2 to 2.5 inches in length and again the needles are generally shorter (6 to 8 inches long) relative to the 8 to 18 inch length of Lonf-leaf Pine.
Leaf: Evergreen, very long and feathery (8 to 18 inches long), with three dark green needles per fascicle.
Flower: Monoecious; males yellow-red, long, in clusters; females oval, purple.
Fruit: Very large (largest cone in the Eastern U. S. --6 to 10 inches long), ovoid to conical in shape, sessile. Scales are red-brown in color. The umbo is armed with a curved prickle. Maturing September to October.
Twig: Very stout, brown, with large obvious, asbestos-white buds.
Bark: Quite scaly, orange-brown to gray, will eventually develop plates.
Form: A medium-sized tree with a straight trunk, coarse branches and tufted needles at ends of branches.
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| Kingdom |
Plantae -- Plants |
| Subkingdom |
Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants |
| Superdivision |
Spermatophyta Seed plants |
| Division |
Coniferophyta Conifers |
| Class |
Pinopsida |
| Order |
Pinales |
| Family |
Pinaceae Pine family |
| Genus |
Pinus L. pine |
| Species |
Pinus palustris P. Mill. longleaf pine |
Source:
Dendrology at Virginia Tech
U.S. Department of Agriculture
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